數控機床常見故障的分類和維修改造中的問題
來源：昌昇自動化時間：2022-01-22
一、常見故障的分類
如ru果guo數shu控kong機ji床chuang能neng夠gou在zai正zheng常chang運yun行xing，可ke以yi數shu控kong機ji床chuang的de功gong效xiao發fa揮hui出chu來lai，如ru果guo數shu控kong機ji床chuang出chu現xian故gu障zhang或huo者zhe是shi問wen題ti，那na麼me先xian要yao做zuo的de就jiu是shi尋xun找zhao原yuan因yin，排pai除chu故gu障zhang。但dan是shi往wang往wang有you很hen多duo數shu控kong機ji床chuang維wei修xiu人ren員yuan不bu夠gou，當dang數shu控kong機ji床chuang出chu現xian問wen題ti時shi，不bu知zhi從cong哪na下xia手shou，這zhe樣yang不bu僅jin會hui耽dan誤wu數shu控kong機ji床chuang維wei修xiu的de進jin度du，還hai會hui耽dan誤wu工gong作zuo時shi間jian。這zhe時shi就jiu需xu要yao數shu控kong係xi統tong的de自zi我wo診zhen斷duan技ji術shu，這zhe種zhong技ji術shu的de應ying用yong能neng夠gou提ti高gao維wei修xiu的de效xiao率lv和he進jin度du。與yu此ci同tong時shi，在zai數shu控kong機ji床chuang發fa生sheng故gu障zhang時shi，維wei修xiu人ren員yuan應ying該gai及ji時shi的de了le解jie故gu障zhang發fa生sheng的de地di點dian和he具ju體ti情qing況kuang，了le解jie故gu障zhang發fa生sheng的de原yuan因yin，了le解jie故gu障zhang發fa生sheng的de時shi間jian，操cao作zuo人ren員yuan檢jian驗yan機ji器qi是shi否fou操cao作zuo正zheng確que，如ru果guo發fa現xian不bu正zheng確que的de，應ying該gai及ji時shi改gai正zheng，以yi免mian使shi疏shu忽hu而er產chan生sheng重zhong大da的de損sun失shi。
除了以上的要求以外，還應該認真的檢查部位的元件，例如檢查按鈕、rongduanqi，jiexianduanzidengbuweideyuanjian，youqishizaijiexianshiyinggaizhuyideneirong，chatoushifouningjin，chazuoshifouzaizhengquedeweizhishang，meiyigeyuanjiandounenggouzhengchangdegongzuo，caozuozhengque。haiyinggaigenjujixierongyichanshengguzhangdengtedian，caozuorenyuanyinggaijishidefaxianguzhang，jishidejiejue。ruguojichuangguore，namejiuhuichanshengjingbaodeqingkuang，gongzuorenyuanyinggaixianjianzhahuabandexiangtiao，youxiehuabandexiangtiaoningdeguosong，zheyangjiudaozhilehuabandemocalizengda，yezengjialedianjideyunzhuannandu，zheshiyinggaijianzhayixiagunzhu，kankanshifougunzhushoudaomosun。yinci，zaishukongjichuangdeweixiuzhong，xuyaozuohaojidiangongzuo，zheyangcainenggoupeihedehao，shishukongjichuangdeweixiugongzuojiashunli，jianshaoshukongjichuangdeweixiushijian，tigaogongzuoxiaolv。
1係統故障和隨機故障
數shu控kong機ji床chuang的de故gu障zhang有you很hen多duo原yuan因yin，根gen據ju故gu障zhang的de出chu現xian頻pin率lv，主zhu要yao分fen為wei係xi統tong性xing故gu障zhang和he隨sui機ji性xing故gu障zhang。係xi統tong性xing故gu障zhang主zhu要yao是shi指zhi機ji床chuang在zai的de環huan境jing下xia會hui出chu現xian的de故gu障zhang，這zhe種zhong故gu障zhang有you的de必bi然ran性xing，而er隨sui機ji性xing的de故gu障zhang具ju有you的de偶ou然ran性xing。因yin此ci，隨sui機ji性xing的de故gu障zhang有you很hen多duo的de困kun難nan，也ye難nan以yi解jie決jue。一yi般ban情qing況kuang下xia，隨sui機ji性xing的de故gu障zhang會hui產chan生sheng機ji械xie的de鬆song動dong，出chu現xian元yuan件jian的de錯cuo位wei，需xu要yao經jing過guo多duo次ci的de試shi驗yan，將jiang故gu障zhang排pai除chu。
2診斷展現故障和無診斷展現故障
youxieshukongjichuangchuxianguzhanghuiziwozhenduan，youxieshukongjichuangdeguzhangchuxianwuziwozhenduan，genjuzhedianyekeyifenweiyouzhenduanzhanxiandehewuzhenduanzhanxiande。muqian，shukongjichuangdoujubeiziwozhenduandegongneng，shenzhihuichuxianjingbaodeqingkuang，genjujingbaodeqingkuang，xiangguandeweixiurenyuannenggoudezhaochuguzhangfashengdeyuanyin，zuochujutidezhenduan。tongchangqingkuangxia，dangwuguzhangshi，jichuangdoushitingzaimouyigeweizhibudong，weihurenyuanzhishifenxichuxianguzhangdeyuanyin，genjuchanshengguzhangdexianxianglaizhaochuguzhangdeyuanyin。
{二}、數控機床維修改造中的問題
近jin年nian來lai，隨sui著zhe我wo國guo技ji術shu的de不bu斷duan發fa展zhan，我wo國guo的de數shu控kong機ji床chuang技ji術shu也ye發fa展zhan，將jiang其qi應ying用yong到dao現xian代dai企qi業ye中zhong，可ke以yi為wei企qi業ye帶dai來lai大da的de經jing濟ji效xiao益yi。但dan是shi在zai市shi場chang經jing濟ji不bu斷duan發fa展zhan的de進jin程cheng中zhong，企qi業ye之zhi間jian的de競jing爭zheng力li越yue來lai越yue激ji烈lie，為wei了le在zai激ji烈lie的de市shi場chang競jing爭zheng中zhong脫tuo穎ying而er出chu，就jiu要yao對dui數shu控kong機ji床chuang技ji術shu進jin行xing不bu斷duan改gai進jin。數shu控kong機ji床chuang的de結jie構gou和he種zhong類lei比bi較jiao複fu雜za，在zai實shi際ji的de數shu控kong機ji床chuang大da修xiu改gai造zao中zhong會hui遇yu到dao很hen多duo問wen題ti。
1數控機床的操作環境存在問題
數控機床設備的操作和運行需要在特定、適shi宜yi的de條tiao件jian中zhong，一yi般ban需xu要yao在zai恒heng溫wen的de環huan境jing中zhong工gong作zuo才cai能neng保bao持chi設she備bei的de正zheng常chang運yun行xing。當dang設she備bei在zai運yun行xing過guo程cheng中zhong，如ru果guo運yun行xing環huan境jing的de溫wen度du發fa生sheng過guo大da的de變bian化hua，就jiu會hui對dui設she備bei的de一yi些xie零ling部bu件jian使shi損sun壞huai，從cong而er導dao致zhi設she備bei不bu能neng正zheng常chang運yun行xing。另ling外wai，如ru果guo數shu控kong機ji床chuang在zai運yun行xing過guo程cheng中zhong將jiang其qi與yu有you電dian磁ci幹gan擾rao功gong能neng的de設she備bei或huo者zhe會hui產chan生sheng較jiao大da振zhen動dong的de設she備bei放fang在zai一yi起qi工gong作zuo，也ye會hui對dui數shu控kong機ji床chuang的de內nei部bu構gou件jian使shi不bu良liang的de影ying響xiang。對dui於yu容rong易yi發fa生sheng噴pen散san的de設she備bei，應ying該gai安an裝zhuang一yi個ge防fang護hu門men對dui其qi進jin行xing保bao護hu。但dan是shi在zai實shi際ji操cao作zuo中zhong，很hen多duo會hui噴pen散san的de設she備bei都dou沒mei有you安an裝zhuang防fang護hu門men。一yi些xie特te定ding的de設she備bei需xu要yao嚴yan格ge按an照zhao安an裝zhuang規gui定ding安an裝zhuang，但dan是shi在zai實shi際ji的de操cao作zuo中zhong，工gong作zuo人ren員yuan的de安an裝zhuang過guo於yu隨sui意yi，對dui一yi部bu分fen構gou件jian沒mei有you安an裝zhuang。在zai設she備bei的de運yun行xing車che間jian內nei，如ru果guo出chu現xian這zhe大da量liang的de金jin屬shu粉fen塵chen或huo者zhe灰hui塵chen，也ye會hui對dui數shu控kong機ji床chuang設she備bei的de元yuan器qi件jian使shi影ying響xiang，使shi其qi的de絕jue緣yuan電dian阻zu減jian少shao，從cong而er導dao致zhi數shu控kong機ji床chuang發fa生sheng故gu障zhang。
2亂接中線、電氣設備保護不到位
在實際的運行過程中，相關技術要求電器內部的中線不能和保護接地線連在一起，在機械電櫃的內部也不能安裝PEjianyongduanzi。danshicongshijiqingkuanglaikan，youyugongzuorenyuanquefaduizhefangmianderenshi，daozhizaishukongjichuangdeweixiuguochengzhongjiangjichuangdeliangxianlianjiezaiyiqi，congerxingchengleyigededianya，huiduigongzuorenyuanshiweihai。shukongjichuangdedonglishebeishidiandongji，diandongjizaiyunxingguochengzhong，ruguoredudadaodechengdu，jiuhuishidiandongjishaohui。suoyi，zaishijideshukongjichuangyunxingguochengzhong，ruguoyaolianxugongzuo，shidiandongjidadao500Wyishang，jiuyaojiaqiangduidiandongjidebaohu，jinxingsanre。danshizaishijizhong，sanrebaohuzhuangzhihediandongjibingbupeitao，yinci，sanrexiaoguobuhao，duiredudeminganchengdudabudaoyaoqiu。dandiandongjidereduchaoguoguidingzhizhihou，baohuzhuangzhideshijianmeiyoutongbu。
3電源非單一狀態引起的問題
shukongjichuangduidianyuandeyaoqiujiaogao，yinci，zaishijidecaozuoguochengzhongyinggaicaiyongzhuanmendedianyuan，danshicongshijiqingkuanglaikan，henduoshukongjichuangbingmeiyoucaiyongdanyidedianyuan，wangwangzaidianyuanchulingwaiyinxian。danjichuangfashengguzhangxuyaoweixiushi，bingmeiyoujiangdianyuanqieduan，ershishebeidedianyuanqieduan，congerdailaiyinhuan。
4數(shu)控(kong)操(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)在(zai)運(yun)行(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，要(yao)求(qiu)數(shu)控(kong)操(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)意(yi)識(shi)，並(bing)熟(shu)悉(xi)掌(zhang)握(wo)數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)相(xiang)關(guan)操(cao)作(zuo)。數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)設(she)備(bei)結(jie)構(gou)非(fei)常(chang)複(fu)雜(za)，其(qi)危(wei)險(xian)係(xi)統(tong)比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)，如(ru)果(guo)數(shu)控(kong)操(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)在(zai)安(an)裝(zhuang)和(he)操(cao)作(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)意(yi)識(shi)，沒(mei)有(you)按(an)照(zhao)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)和(he)技(ji)術(shu)進(jin)行(xing)安(an)裝(zhuang)操(cao)作(zuo)，不(bu)僅(jin)會(hui)對(dui)設(she)備(bei)本(ben)身(shen)使(shi)傷(shang)害(hai)，同(tong)時(shi)還(hai)可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)帶(dai)來(lai)各(ge)種(zhong)隱(yin)患(huan)。
